Why IQ Tests Dont Test Intelligence Essay Example For Students

Why IQ Tests Dont Test Intelligence Essay The task of trying to quantify a persons intelligence has been a goalof psychologists since before the beginning of this century. TheBinet-Simon scales were first proposed in 1905 in Paris, France andvarious sorts of tests have been evolving ever since. One of theimportant questions that always comes up regarding these tools is whatare the tests really measuring? Are they measuring a personsintelligence? Their ability to perform well on standardized tests? Orjust some arbitrary quantity of the persons IQ? When examining thesituations around which these tests are given and the content of thetests themselves, it becomes apparent that however useful the tests maybe for standardizing a groups intellectual ability, they are not a goodindicator of intelligence. We will write a custom essay on Why IQ Tests Dont Test Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To issue a truly standardized test, the testing environment should bethe same for everyone involved. If anything has been learned from thepsychology of perception, it is clear that a persons environment has agreat deal to do with their cognitive abilities. Is the lightflickering? Is the paint on the walls an unsettling shade? Is thetemperature too hot or too cold? Is the chair uncomfortable? Or in theworst case, do they have an illness that day? To test a persons mind,it is necessary to utilize their body in the process. If everyonesbody is placed in different conditions during the testing, how is itexpected to get standardized results across all the subjects? Becauseof this assumption that everyone will perform equally independent oftheir environment, intelligence test scores are skewed and cannot beviewed as standardized, and definitely not as an example of a personsintelligence. It is obvious that a persons intelligence stems from a variety oftraits. A few of these that are often tested are reading comprehension,vocabulary, and spatial relations. But this is not all that goes intoit. What about physical intelligence, conversational intelligence,social intelligence, survival intelligence, and the slew of others thatgo into everyday life? Why are these important traits not figured intointelligence tests? Granted, normal standardized tests certainly getpredictable results where academics are concerned, but they should notbe considered good indicators of general intelligence because of theglaring omissions they make in the testing process. To really gauge apersons intelligence, it would be necessary to put them through arigorous set of real-life trials and document their performance. Otherwise the standardized IQ tests of today are testing an extremelylimited quality of a persons character that can hardly be referred toas intelligence. For the sake of brevity, I will quickly mention a few other commoncriticisms of modern IQ tests. They have no way to compensate forcultural differences. People use different methods to solve problems. Peoples reading strategies differ. Speed is not always the best way totackle a problem. There is often too much emphasis placed onvocabulary. Each of these points warrants individual treatment, and formore information refer to The Triarchic Mind by RJ Sternberg (PenguinBooks, 1988, p18-36). It is possible to classify all the reasons that IQ tests fail at theirtask into two main groups. The first grouping is where the tests assumetoo much. Examples of this flaw are the assumption that speed is alwaysgood, vocabulary is a good indicator of intelligence, and that differenttest taking environments wont affect the outcome. The second groupingcomes because the tests gauge the wrong items. Examples of this aredifferent culture groups being asked to take the same tests as everyoneelse, and the fact that the tests ignore so many types of intelligence(like physical, social, etc). These two groupings illustrate where themajor failings of popular IQ tests occur and can be used as tools forjudging others. .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf , .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf .postImageUrl , .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf , .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf:hover , .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf:visited , .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf:active { border:0!important; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf:active , .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ad1e3d433dfdd418976cff1925bfcbf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Trifles EssayIQ tests are not good indicators for a persons overall intelligence,but as their use has shown, they are extremely helpful in makingpredictions about how a person will perform in an academic setting. Perhaps the problem comes in the name intelligence tests when it isobvious this is not what they really are. The modern IQ test definitelyhas its applications in todays society but should be be used toquantify a persons overall intelligence by any means. Psychology

Al Capone Essays - The Untouchables, Five Points Gang, Bootleggers

Al Capone Essays - The Untouchables, Five Points Gang, Bootleggers Al Capone Perhaps the best-known gangster of all time, Al "Scarface" Capone was the most powerful mob boss of his era. He dominated organized crime in the Chicago area from 1925 until 1931, when he was imprisoned for federal income tax evasion. Alphonse Capone was born on Jan. 17, 1899, in a tough neighborhood of Brooklyn, N.Y. He attended school up to the sixth grade. His nickname, Scarface, resulted from a knife attack by the brother of a girl Capone had insulted that left three scars on his face. Capone joined the James Street gang, headed by Johnny Torrio. In 1920 Torrio asked Capone to go to Chicago to work for his uncle, Big Jim Colosimo, head of the city's largest prostitution and gambling ring. Later that year when Prohibition became law, Torrio foresaw bootlegging, the sale of illegal whiskey, as a lucrative business. His uncle, however, wanted no part in such potentially dangerous dealings. Colosimo was murdered and Torrio and Capone took over his empire, to which they added bootlegging. After Torrio was gunned down and almost killed by a rival gang, he retired from the underworld. At age 26 Capone was managing more than 1,000 employees with a payroll of more than $300,000 a week and demanding their total loyalty. His most famous escapade occurred in 1929 with the attempted slaying of his last rival, George "Bugs" Moran, an event that became known as the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Five of Capone's gang, dressed as police officers, walked into Moran's bootleg headquarters, lined up seven of his men, and gunned them down. The government was eventually able to convict Capone on charges of federal income tax evasion, and he was sentenced to Atlanta's federal prison for 11 years. In 1934 he was transferred to Alcatraz prison in San Francisco. He was paroled in 1939. Suffering from syphilis that had begun to drive him insane, he was unable to run the Chicago mob. Capone spent the rest of his life in his Miami Beach mansion, where he died on Jan. 25, 1947. During the 1930s the business of organized crime was depicted by Hollywood in a series of bloody and violent movies. Callous as these gangsters were, their screen images still became heroes to countless numbers of youthful moviegoers.

Thomson's paper" A Defense of Abortion" Essay

Thomson's paper" A Defense of Abortion" - Essay Example ally permissible even if we grant that a fetus is a person,† seems rather speculative, taking into account the fact that author herself stresses that in many cases abortion is impermissible - until it is about saving mother’s life or aborting a child of violation. Second, the article is an author’s response for responses of other authors and is just a part of a bigger dialogue that can not be estimated totally, and thereby is taken out of context. And while responding to strict moralists, which stress that any of mentioned forward (raping or life-saving) reasons can be taken into account, author looks like an aggressive supporter of abortions. And this analysis would be made with these facts considered. The first, author is flouncing between moral and legal issues. At first she addresses human nature, asking about human wish to be unwillingly bound to someone else, the attention is concentrated on aspect of a free will, and the good nature of it is being preserved. Then focus of attention of the reader switches to an issue of â€Å"whether a human law can oblige human behave humanly†. Thereby a person, who protects her right to choose a way to use her body, is thus can be considered right by the logic and common sense, eventually turns out â€Å"immoral and bad, but still legal†. This way it turns out that the human rights protected by logic and human rights protected by law are way different. Thomson calls the thing, which she claims right, both good and bad. That serves well to my presumption of an ambivalent nature of an article. The second: author is contradicting herself. Thus in the first part of the text she acts emotionally, like speculating on person’s wish to protect own health and property, sympathy to a boy, who had been deprived of his candies, etc. She manipulates with human greed, self-defence reflexes, contradicts the hypocrisy of the opponent: everything that seems quite appropriate in a dialogue with â€Å"goodies†, but looks radical in the

Characterisation material physical properties of porous materials Article

Characterisation material physical properties of porous materials - Article Example According to this theory, three different kinds of waves propagate within the porous material. One is the compression wave propagating in the fluid phase, the second is the compression wave travelling in the solid phase, and the third is the shear wave propagating in the solid phase (Pan & Jackson). The Biot model for predicting sound propagation in porous materials is based on five material properties, also called Biot parameters, of the material. These five parameters include the porosity of the material, its airflow resistivity, tortuosity, thermal characteristic length, and viscous characteristic length. The present review discusses the current methods for measuring and predicting these five Biot parameters. 2 Material Physical Properties in Biot Theory This section details the characterization of the material physical properties, i.e. the five Biot parameters, of porous materials. A review of the properties themselves along with the methods for measuring and predicting them is p resented. 2.1 Porosity (?) The porosity of a material is the â€Å"relative fraction, by volume, of the air contained within the material† (Fellah et al. 2003, p. 296). ... Other non-destructive methods have been applied for the estimation of porosity. Beranek (cited in Leclaire et al. 2003) gave a very simple method, in which the porous material is saturated with water and placed in an airtight chamber that is linked to a manometer. This method was based on Boyle’s law and was helpful in estimating the open porosity of the material having surfaces with open-pores. Another method that utilised Beranek’s principle was that by Champoux et al. (cited in Leclaire et al. 2003), which had a very elaborate system involving a micrometer and a differential pressure transducer. Recently, many different methods have been proposed and applied by various investigators to measure the porosity of materials. For instance, the method by Connolly (cited in Yang 2011) uses a thermographic method. In this method, the correlation between porosity and thermal diffusivity is derived by analysing the heat diffused in the sample upon heating with a laser. Other me thods include the use of X-ray computed tomography, microwaves etc to measure porosity. ASTM D6226-05 test standard describes another method that uses a gas pycnometer for measuring porosity (Pan & Jackson 2009). This method uses an apparatus consisting of calibrated expansion and sample chambers. The porous sample is placed in the sample chamber and subjected to a certain predetermined increase in pressure. This method is also based on Boyle’s law and measures the open pore volume of the sample. Another method given by Salissou and Panneton (cited in Pan & Jackson 2009) was based on the experimental determination of the solid phase volume of the material. Four tests for measuring the masses with and without the sample at

Routledge v McKay Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Routledge v McKay Case - Essay Example This case Routledge v McKay relates to the exchange of a motorbike and sidecar with another motorbike along with the payment of thirty pounds. The Douglas BSA motorbike and sidecar in question were actually manufactured in 1931 but had been reconditioned by a previous owner to indicate that they were a 1941 model. The documents of the motorbike showed that it had been registered on 9th September 1941. The motorbike and the sidecar had been sold on a number of occasions before but the issue of manufacturing date had not been looked into detail. The seller had told the buyer of the motorbike and sidecar on October 23rd that the year of manufacturing was 1941. The buyer went away for considering his options and returned on October 30th to finalise the purchase. The contract for the sale was drawn up in writing on October the 30th but it did not mention anything about the year of manufacturing. Moreover, the written agreement ended with the contractual term that paying thirty pounds mean t the end of the transaction. The buyer later found out that the motorbike had actually been manufactured in 1931 and not in 1941 as the documents expounded. The claimant (being the buyer) later went to court to appeal against possible fraud and warranty issues. The claimant’s stance was that the seller had defrauded him by telling him that the year of manufacturing was 1931. In addition, the claimant suggested that he had been told of the year of manufacturing although it was never mentioned on the written agreement and that this amounted to a contractual term. ... Reasoning of the Judges Denning L. J. If a vehicle is sold from one person to another, the date of manufacturing is typically based on the date listed in the documents of the vehicle. It is common for this date to be used for reference when transacting the vehicle again. If the first seller of the vehicle delivers a statement regarding the date of manufacturing, he can be held responsible since the vehicle originates from him. However, in later transactions the sellers of the vehicle have no option but to reference the vehicle’s documents. In such cases, the sellers of the vehicle may pass on the date of manufacturing listed on the documents to the buyer. In case that a dispute arises, the sellers and buyer in between the first seller and the last buyer will be considered to be affected by innocent misrepresentation. For the current case, claims of fraud against the original vendor were barred due to statute so no such claims were filed by any party. Evershed M. R. The written memorandum (or the contract) between the last seller and buyer was admitted to the court as evidence although it lacked the required stamp under Section 14 of the Stamp Act of 1891. The other judges agreed to this stance. The honourable judge cited the Heilbut, Symons & Co. v Buckleton3 case and referred to the speech made by Lord Moulton. It was contended that a written statement could for part of a collateral contract but each such contract would have to have its own character for legal recognition. With reference to the Heilbut, Symons & Co. v Buckleton case, it was held that innocent misrepresentation could only be tried under warranty if the evidence presented held any such contractual term. Mere representation alone could not be taken as cause enough to

Effect of Biological and Social Influences on Development

Effect of Biological and Social Influences on Development Gemma L Sobah Evaluate the contribution of biological and social influences to human psychological functioning Introduction: As humans, our psychological functioning is vital to our survival and succession. So what do we mean by psychological functioning? Psychological functioning is the way in which our minds work. It includes our thoughts, feelings and emotions. Human beings are thinkers and feelers. Our worlds evolve around, our thoughts, our feelings, and our hopes and dreams. How we view the world, and how we feel the world views us. We are driven by our emotions, our morals and our understanding of the people and world around us. Every experience in our life has the ability to impact our psychological functions. In this essay we will be looking at development and sex and gender. Charles Darwin was an evolutionary psychologist. He argued and believed that we have certain behaviours that have evolved and adapted because of how they benefit our survival and there for increased the chances of passing them on genetically. Darwin (1859) demonstrated the idea that genetics and evolution play an important part in influencing psychological functioning through natural selection. Evolutionary psychology claims that our brains (which includes the mind) evolved to be able to problem solve, which many of our hunter-gatherer ancestors encountered. A perspective known as the functionalism perspective was an idea that developed explanations for why people’s behaviour changed. It was believed that it was for an adaptive cause, and therefore has a ‘function’ to serve. Darwin argued that these changed came about because they proved to increase chances of survival and were therefore selectively chosen through evolution. So according to Darwin, we do certain things and act certain ways as we grow, not because we have had certain experiences in our life’s that have impacted us and shaped the way we see things, and have a direct effect on the way we act, but because genetically we have evolved and have certain traits and behaviours that will aid our survival. Therefore, those people displaying behaviours that will have a negative effect on their survival have no developed the necessary traits and skills through natural selection. Although this approach does give insight into how genetically we have been designed to act a certain way, and be certain people, the downfall to it is to the extent to which it can be applied. It does not explain how evolution has genetically changed us to act certain ways emotionally. It doesn’t goes as far to show how a woman who was born a man, can grow to live her life as both genders and it have no negative affect on her mental health. Furthermore it does not give insight as to how she became this way and not something else. But social influences could prove to have contributed to her current state of mind and mental health. From an early age we take in and absorb the things that happen around us, and studies have demonstrated how the social influences in our life at a young age, can affect our adult lives. In 1996, Schaffer, (as cited in Wood et al, pg. 9), explained that social influences, such as our peer or sibling relationships, are very influential in our development. He notes that they spend a lot of time in each other’s company, and in this time they will observe each other’s behaviour, and they will share many experiences, and it has been noted that their relationships are very emotionally based. These kinds of sibling relationships could have all sorts of influences on our development, both positive and negative. Siblings of a similar age may be more likely to have a friendship, because they will be increased in similar things from their age group, giving them more in common with each other. But this could also mean more chance of rivalry, for who has what toy and they may also fight for the attention of their parents. The positive side of this kind of relationship are that they could learn things from the other sibling, such as the meaning of sharing, they experience feelings that they may not if they only siblings much older. For example, two boy’s ages 7, and 9 both seek the attention of their parents, but their parents are too busy wondering where their older sister of 16 is. They can them empathise with one another and understand how each other are feelings. They can also be each other’s company when they want attention. And console one another when they are sad. This could bring out a caring side of them, allowing them to fill roles they would not fill if they only had older siblings or was an only child. In later life, as they develop further, they may then carry with them a caring nurturing side that they experiences as a child. The negative side of this kind of social influence are that there could potentially be a lot of rivalry between them. Which one gets the most parent-child attention, which gets the most/best toys? They could grow up feeling unfulfilled and needy. In 1986, Abramovitch, Corter, Pepler, and Stanthorpe, conducted an observational study on siblings which revealed to them, ‘that their interactions are diverse and multifaceted’. (Wood et al, pg. 9, 2007). As we can see from the example above, and as the observational study shown, there are many sides to a sibling relationship but they all have the potential to affect our future. Biologically there are many differences between a brother and sister, i.e. a girl and boy. The obvious one being our genitals, but as we go more in depth we will find that hormonally we are different, and our bodies have different strengths and weaknesses. But can the biological gender difference create cognitive and behavioural differences too? Money and Erhardt 1972 (as cited in Hollway et al, pg. 141, 2007,) conducted a study to try and answer this question. They conducted a study where they exposed girls to the drug progestin, to look at the masculinization of the girls after taking the drug , compared to girls who hadn’t taken the drug and girls with hyperplasia which affects the level of testosterone. They revealed that the girls with hyperplasia and the ones exposed to progestin, appeared to become more ‘tomboyish’ which means to play like a boy, prefer boys clothing, and that they played more energetically than the girls with no alteration to their hormone levels. So it appeared that the biological changes to the girls involved in the study, slightly altered their preference to ‘girlish’ or ‘boyish’ things. The girls seemed to become more masculine than the unaffected girls. Nevertheless it does pose the question as to the reliability of the results. In this day and age, it is not frowned upon as much for a girl to play with toys that were intended for a boy, and with the changes within the social world, less and less labels are being put on what is ‘for girls’ and ‘for boys.’ The reliability of the test also comes down to what the parents, who gave the report as to the changes in the girls, see as ‘boyish’ or ‘girlish’. It could have been less of a biological influence on the girls and more of a personal evaluation of boyish or girlish. Therefore, in conclusion, there are many perspectives within psychology that try and explain behaviours and their origins but not one has overall explanatory power over the rest, rather they depend on each other and all connect somehow. Only with some types of psychology which contradict each other (nature-nurture debate), connect with each other or expand on one another (biological and social psychologist), can we recognise and generate appropriate solutions when problems arise so we maintain a healthy mind and body. There are many different perspectives which go to show how complex human behaviour is. The evolutionary theory does don’t include the experiences we have as humans, but it concentrates more on being preordained in its methods and ability to provide evidence. The attachment theory concentrates too much on childhood and parental interaction. In doing so, it loses sight of the role biology and how our genetic makeup could account for certain behaviours. The biological perspective sees humans as a set of instruments and physical structures that are obviously important and significant (e.g. genes). Furthermore, it does not consider our conscious minds and how the overall influence of the social world on our behaviour. Our adult lives tend to be a mix of what we experiences and learn as a child, how our genetic makeup develops in us as we grow and how our conscious mind, interprets and understands the world we live in and forms its own reaction to it. We are not influences by just one thing, but many, continually and progressively. Word count: 1,455 References: Hollway, W., Cooper, T., Johnston, A., and Stevens, J. (2007) The Psychology of Sex and Gender in Cooper, T. and Roth, I. (2007) Challenging Psychological Issues, 2nd ed. Milton Keynes. The Open University Wood, D., Littleton, K. and Oates, J. (2007) Life span Development in Cooper, T. and Roth, I. (2007) Challenging Psychological Issues: Lifespan development, 2nd ed. Milton Keynes. The Open University

Critical Analysis of Poes The Tell Tale Heart Essay -- Poe Tell Tale

Critical Analysis of Poe's The Tell Tale Heart The Tell Tale Heart is a story, on the most basic level, of conflict. There is a mental conflict within the narrator himself (assuming the narrator is male). Through obvious clues and statements, Poe alerts the reader to the mental state of the narrator, which is insanity. The insanity is described as an obsession (with the old man's eye), which in turn leads to loss of control and eventually results in violence. Ultimately, the narrator tells his story of killing his housemate. Although the narrator seems to be blatantly insane, and thinks he has freedom from guilt, the feeling of guilt over the murder is too overwhelming to bear. The narrator cannot tolerate it and eventually confesses his supposed 'perfect'; crime. People tend to think that insane persons are beyond the normal realm of reason shared by those who are in their right mind. This is not so; guilt is an emotion shared by all humans. The most demented individuals are not above the feeling of guilt and the havoc it causes to the psyche. Poe's use of setting, character, and language reveal that even an insane person feels guilt. Therein lies the theme to The Tell Tale Heart: The emotion of guilt easily, if not eventually, crashes through the seemingly unbreakable walls of insanity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the surface, the physical setting of The Tell Tale Heart is typical of the period and exceedingly typical of Poe. The narrator and the old man live in an old, dark house: '(for the shutters were close fastened, through fear of robbers)'; (Poe 778). Most of the story takes place at night: 'And this I did for seven long nights-every night just at midnight?'; (778). The physical aspect is not the most important component of setting for this analysis. More important are the mental and emotional settings. This clearly explains the personality of the narrator. One can assume the narrator is insane. He freely admits to his listener that he is '?-nervous-very, very dreadfully nervous?'; (777). But he then asks, '?but why will you say that I am mad?'; (777). He also admits that, 'The disease had sharpened my senses?'; (777). If not insanity, what disease does he speak of? The reason for his actions was one of the old man's eyes: '?-a pale blue eye, with a film over it'; (777). This is easily recognizable to the reader as an eye with cataract on it. This is nothin... ...ust scream or die! -and now-again! -hark! louder! louder! louder! louder!-? 'Villains!' I shrieked, 'dissemble no more! I admit the deed! - tear up the planks! -here, here!- it is the beating of his hideous heart!';(780). These final two lines in the story beautifully demonstrate how language was used to show insanity being overturned by guilt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Three elements of literary work that truly sum up the theme of The Tell Tale Heart are setting, character, and language. Through these elements we can easily see how guilt, an emotion, can be more powerful than insanity. Even the most demented criminal has feelings of guilt, if not remorse, for what he has done. This is shown exquisitely in Poe's writing. All three elements were used to their extreme to convey the theme. The balance of the elements is such that some flow into others. It is sometimes hard to distinguish one from another. Poe's usage of these elements shows his mastery not only over the pen, but over the mind as well. Works Cited: Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Tell-Tale Heart." Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 7th ed. New York: Longman, 1999. 33-37.

Hamlet and His Problems Essay

Eliot offers, as we have seen, what has come to be called an ‘impersonal theory of poetic creation. ’ Eliot would not have denied either that poets have feelings or that poetry inspires certain feelings in the reader. He offers, rather, an account, centered around his notion of the objective correlative, of how such feelings enter the poem in the first place that differs significantly from the expressive model of poetry promulgated by the Romantics. In â€Å"Tradition and the Individual Talent,† you might recall, using a chemical analogy, Eliot compares the poet’s mind to a catalyst and the emotions and feelings (he draws a distinction between these two that is unclear) universally inspired by particular objects and events to two chemicals which react with each other only in the presence of the catalyst. The product of the ‘chemical’ reaction is a poem which, when properly executed, then in turn inspires the same emotions and feelings in its audience. In short, the poet does not inject his personal emotions into the poem, that is, the best poetry does not ‘express’ the personality (thoughts and feelings) of the poet concerned. In â€Å"Hamlet and Its Problems,† Eliot gives further insight into exactly how emotions are included in poems without the poet’s own feelings becoming personally involved. According to Eliot, the best poets seek to verbally describe suitable objects which, when included in the poem, are responsible for generating a particular kind of emotion that, in turn, strikes the appropriate chord in the reader. The ‘object’ captured in words in this way serves, as Eliot puts it, as the ‘correlative’ of a particular kind of emotion. Eliot puts it this way: the only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an ‘objective correlative’; in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion; such that when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked. 124-5) For example, the description of death inevitably involves the generation of sadness and related emotions in the audience as it would if it happened on real life. Given that Eliot is of the view that the best poetry is divorced from the personal feelings and involvement of the poet, the death described has little to do with the poet’s personal experiences of mortality. From this point of view, Eliot contends, the reason why Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is a failure is that the â€Å"essential emotion of the play is the feeling of a son towards a guilty mother† (124). However, the character Hamlet is â€Å"dominated by an emotion† (125) that is â€Å"in excess of the facts as they appear† (125). That is, the play Hamlet’s difficulty is that the character Hamlet’s â€Å"disgust is occasioned by his mother, but . . . is mother is not an adequate equivalent for it; his disgust envelops and exceeds her† (125). In short, the in fact not entirely unsympathetic figure of Gertrude in the play is not an adequate object for the emotions which she is meant to generate in her son. The play fails because Gertrude is a badly executed character who does not function as she is intended to by Shakespeare and thus fails as an objective correlative for emotions of disgust.

Why the Conservative party lost popularity between 1900-1905 Essays

Why the Conservative party lost popularity between 1900-1905 Essays Why the Conservative party lost popularity between 1900-1905 Paper Why the Conservative party lost popularity between 1900-1905 Paper The conservative party lost an enormous amount of popularity between the years 1900-1905, this loss of popularity affected them in the 1906 election, during the run up to the election certain things the conservatives did had an impact on the end outcome. I will be explaining these factors which I think were mostly to blame. The Anglo-Boer War in 1899-1902, the Taff vale decision in 1901 and the causes of Chinese slavery all had an impact on the loss of popularity. The Anglo-Boer war arose from an unexpected dispute; this was between the Dutch and the British. Reasons why the conservative’s party lost popularity were due to the conservatives provoking the war without a valid reason, the war started out of nowhere. Britain had intentions of becoming a powerful nation, in order to satisfy this Chamberlain made unreasonable demands on Boer, meaning Boer had no choice and they were forced to retaliate. The war was moving at a slow pace and nothing much was happening. It was obvious that the war was deliberately done making the people of Britain very upset, ‘Pro-Boers’ were known as people against Britain at war. The Pro-Boers questioned the morality and realism of their country, and how it was so obvious that it was purposely done. People of Britain were deprived and unhappy, this hate affected the conservative’s popularity and the public could not trust them in power. Therefore meant that many people opposed the conservatives in starting the Anglo-Boer, this clearly shows that it affected the public back home and it was obvious that the party wasn’t going to have support. This is one of the reasons why they lost popularity between 1900 and 1905. In 1900, the Taff Vale Railway Company in South Wales went on strike with their union. However this strike caused major conflict between the Union and the company. The company did not accept the strike movement so they decided to hire non-union workers to replace the union ones. By doing this they took the opportunity to take the union workers to court for illegal picketing. The railway company won this case and the workers were forced to come back to work empty handed. After the victory of this case, the company took the union workers to the courts once again, this time the case went to the House of Lords, and The House of Lords accepted the company’s decision and the workers were highly disappointed that the conservatives were not in favour of the working class. Considering the House of Lords are mostly made up of wealthy individuals and are supporters of the conservative party, it was fairly quick for the British public to realise how ignorant the conservative party were to the working class. This shocked many people and this was possibly one of the main reasons why the Tories lost popularity. They clearly had no moral empathy towards the working class and they didn’t receive any acceptance or recognition from the working class. Once of the minor issues that affected the Tories popularity was when, Arthur Balfour was accused of Chinese Slaves in Africa working on gold and diamond mines. This was seen as very disrespectful, due to them making others work for them, it certainly was selfish of Balfour to do that. These slaves would work in appalling conditions. The public to hear these disheartening stories gave them a fright. People of Britain couldn’t penetrate why Balfour was doing such corruption to Britain as a country, setting out negativity to neighbouring countries. Over all the public was unhappy over the inadequacy of the government which would have lost party support and popularity. Between 1900-1905, the conservatives party was in a very bad position, due to many of their decisions, one of the factors that led them to loss of popularity was the Anglo-Boer war, the public reaction to the was not supportive. The manner of Britain was highly selfish and pointless, because they gained nothing from that war, it was unnecessary and a waste of time. Britain was embarrassed, and this is one of the reasons they lost their popularity. Using Chinese slaves to work in the gold and diamond mines in Africa was also an immense disappointment for the public, as they saw it as moral wrong doings. This put Balfour in a shameless position; he was hated by many and lost major support, setting out a bad example to the people of Britain and neighbouring countries. Lastly the most important and effective way they lost the acceptance was the Taff Vale decision, just because it was the decline of the workers not allowing them to go on strike even though they had the full backing and financial aid of their union, it was very unfair and it demonstrated that the Tories were not supporters of the working class, they were for the upper class, this controversy was one of the main reasons why they lost fame, it outweighed the other factors because they separated the workers into a group of their own with no supporters certainly wasn’t fair to the workers. This was definitely the main reason why the conservative party lost recognition and supporters.

Biography of Ninoy Aquino, Filipino Opposition Leader

Biography of Ninoy Aquino, Filipino Opposition Leader Benigno Simeon  Ninoy  Aquino Jr. (November 27, 1932–August 21, 1983) was a Filipino political leader who led the opposition against Ferdinand Marcos, the dictator of the Philippines. For his activities, Aquino was imprisoned for seven years. He was assassinated in 1983 after returning from a period of exile in the United States. Fast Facts: Ninoy Aquino Known For: Aquino led the Filipino opposition party during the reign of Ferdinand Marcos.Also Known As: Benigno Ninoy Aquino Jr.Born: November 27, 1932 in Concepcion, Tarlac,  Philippine IslandsParents: Benigno Aquino Sr.  and Aurora Lampa AquinoDied: August 21, 1983 in Manila, PhilippinesSpouse: Corazon Cojuangco (m. 1954–1983)Children: 5 Early Life Benigno Simeon Aquino, Jr., nicknamed Ninoy, was born into a wealthy landowning family in Conception, Tarlac, Philippines, on November 27, 1932. His grandfather Servillano Aquino y Aguilar had been a general in the anti-colonial Philippine Revolution. Ninoys father Benigno Aquino Sr. was a longtime Filipino politician. Ninoy attended several excellent private schools in the Philippines as he was growing up. However, his teen years were full of turmoil. Ninoys father was jailed as a collaborator when the boy was only 12  and died three years later, just after Ninoys 15th birthday. A somewhat indifferent student, Ninoy decided to go to Korea to report on the Korean War at the age of 17 rather than going to university. He reported on the war for the Manila Times, earning the Philippine Legion of Honor for his work. In 1954 when he was 21, Ninoy Aquino began studying law at the University of the Philippines. There, he belonged to the same branch of the Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity as his future political opponent Ferdinand Marcos. Political Career The same year he started law school, Aquino married Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco, a fellow law student from a major Chinese/Filipino banking family. The couple first met at a birthday party when they were both 9 years old  and became reacquainted after Corazon returned to the Philippines following her university studies in the United States. A year after they married, in 1955, Aquino was elected mayor of his hometown of Concepcion, Tarlac. He was only 22 years old. Aquino went on to rack up a string of records for being elected at a young age: he was elected vice-governor of the province at 27, governor at 29, and secretary-general of the Philippines Liberal Party at 33. Finally, at 34, he became the nations youngest senator. From his place in the Senate, Aquino blasted his former fraternity brother, President Ferdinand Marcos, for setting up a militarized government and for corruption and extravagance. Aquino also took on First Lady Imelda Marcos, dubbing her the Philippines Eva Peron, although as students the two had briefly dated. Opposition Leader Charming and always ready with a good soundbite, Senator Aquino settled into his role as the primary gadfly of the Marcos regime. He consistently blasted Marcos  financial policies and his spending on personal projects and enormous military outlays. On August 21, 1971, Aquinos Liberal Party staged its political campaign kickoff rally. Aquino himself was not in attendance. Shortly after the candidates took the stage, two huge explosions rocked the rally- the work of fragmentation grenades hurled into the crowd by unknown assailants. The grenades killed eight people and injured about 120 more. Aquino accused Marcoss Nacionalista Party of being behind the attack. Marcos countered by blaming communists and arresting a number of known Maoists. Martial Law and Imprisonment On September 21, 1972, Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in the Philippines. Among the people swept up and jailed on fabricated charges was Ninoy Aquino. He faced charges of murder, subversion, and weapons possession, and was tried in a military kangaroo court. On April 4, 1975, Aquino went on a hunger strike to protest the military tribunal system. Even as his physical condition deteriorated, his trial continued. The slight Aquino refused all nourishment but salt tablets and water for 40 days  and dropped from 120 to 80 pounds. Aquinos friends and family convinced him to begin eating again after 40 days. His trial dragged on, however, and did not conclude until November 25, 1977. On that day, the military commission found him guilty on all counts. Aquino was to be executed by firing squad. Peoples Power From prison, Aquino played a major organizational role in the 1978 parliamentary elections. He founded a new political party, known as the Peoples Power or Lakas ng Bayan party (LABAN for short). Although the LABAN party enjoyed huge public support, every one of its candidates lost in the thoroughly rigged election. Nonetheless, the election proved that Aquino could act as a powerful political catalyst even from a cell in solitary confinement. Feisty and unbowed, despite the death sentence hanging over his head, he was a serious threat to the Marcos regime. Heart Problems and Exile Sometime in March 1980, in an echo of his own fathers experience, Aquino suffered a heart attack in his prison cell. A second heart attack at the Philippine Heart Center showed that he had a blocked artery, but Aquino refused to allow surgeons in the Philippines to operate on him for fear of foul play by Marcos. Imelda Marcos made a surprise visit to Aquinos hospital room on May 8, 1980, offering him a medical furlough to the United States for surgery. She had two stipulations, however: Aquino had to promise to return to the Philippines and he had to swear not to denounce the Marcos regime while he was in the United States. That same night, Aquino and his family got on a plane bound for Dallas, Texas. The Aquino family decided not to return to the Philippines right after Aquinos recovery from surgery. They moved instead to Newton, Massachusetts, not far from Boston. There, Aquino accepted fellowships from Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which allowed him the opportunity to give a series of lectures and write two books. Despite his earlier pledge to Imelda, Aquino was highly critical of the Marcos regime during his stay in America. Death In 1983, Ferdinand Marcoss health began to deteriorate, and with it his iron grip on the Philippines. Aquino worried that if he died, the country would descend into chaos and an even more extreme government might emerge. Aquino decided to take the risk of returning to the Philippines, fully aware that he might well be reimprisoned or even killed. The Marcos regime tried to prevent his return by revoking his passport, denying him a visa, and warning international airlines that they would not be allowed landing clearance if they tried to bring Aquino into the country. On August 13, 1983, Aquino began a meandering, week-long flight that took him from Boston to Los Angeles and through Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Because Marcos had cut off diplomatic relations with Taiwan, the government there was under no obligation to cooperate with his regimes goal of keeping Aquino away from Manila. As China Airlines Flight 811 descended into Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983, Aquino warned the foreign journalists traveling with him to have their cameras ready. In a matter of three or four minutes it could all be over, he noted with chilling prescience. Minutes after the plane touched down, he was dead- killed by an assassins bullet. Legacy After a 12-hour funeral procession, in which an estimated two million people took part, Aquino was buried in the Manila Memorial Park. The leader of the Liberal Party famously eulogized Aquino as the greatest president we never had. Many commentators compared him to the executed anti-Spanish revolutionary leader Jose Rizal. Inspired by the outpouring of support she received after Aquinos death, the formerly shy Corazon Aquino became a leader of the anti-Marcos movement. In 1985, Ferdinand Marcos called for a snap presidential election in a ploy to reinforce his power. Aquino ran against him, and Marcos was proclaimed the winner in a clearly falsified result. Mrs. Aquino called for massive demonstrations, and millions of Filipinos rallied to her side. In what became known as the People Power Revolution, Ferdinand Marcos was forced into exile. On February 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino became the 11th President of the Philippine Republic and its first female president. Ninoy Aquinos legacy did not end with his wifes six-year presidency, which saw democratic principles reintroduced into the nation. In June 2010, his son Benigno Simeon Aquino III, known as Noy-noy, became president of the Philippines. Sources MacLean, John. â€Å"Philippines Recalls Aquino Killing.† BBC News, BBC, 20 Aug. 2003.Nelson, Anne. In the Grotto of the Pink Sisters: Cory Aquinos Test of Faith, Mother Jones Magazine, Jan. 1988.Reid, Robert H., and Eileen Guerrero. Corazon Aquino and the Brushfire Revolution. Louisiana State University Press, 1995.

Ethics in health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ethics in health - Essay Example The devastating impact of child maltreatment on individuals, families, and society at large is well documented in empirical and clinical studies (Gilbert, 1994). Many serious long-term effects have been linked to child maltreatment, including mental retardation, intellectual and intelligence handicaps, impaired aggressive impulse control, diminished ego competency, reduced reality testing, and poor interpersonal relationships. Child maltreatment results in increased antisocial activities. Maltreated aboriginal aboriginal children have more serious personal problems and engage in more antisocial activities and violence toward themselves and others (Hutchinson, Dattalo and Rodwell, 1994). When older, they end up in juvenile and adult correctional facilities at higher rates than aboriginal children from the general population. It is evident that child abuse and neglect is a problem that affects not only the individuals and families directly involved, but all sectors of society. Therefore, in order to deal with this problem, it is necessary for all professionals from all aspects of human ecology (individual, family, community, society, world) to become involved. Aboriginal children throughout the world suffer an array of threats to their development, well-being, and survival (Lindsey, 1994). They suffer from poverty, famine, disease, and war. They suffer as they navigate the child-rearing practices and rites of their diverse cultures. And, they suffer from acts of omission or commission by their individual parents and caretakers. Parental behavior that compromises the development and survival of their offspring seems to contradict the biological and cultural dictates of rearing the next generation (Pecora et al, 1995). This enigma of human behavior demands consideration from a wider range of human cultural adaptation than that afforded by Western societies alone. This chapter will consider definitional issues that have been an impediment to cross-cultural research on child maltreatment. It will then turn to a review of current knowledge concerning categories of aboriginal children vulnerable to abuse, the relationship of kinship and social networks to child maltreatment, and the impact of urbanization and social change. Child abuse is defined as any action (or lack of) which endangers or impairs a child's physical, psychological or emotional health and development. There are many factors that constitute child abuse (Pelton, 1989): Physical Abuse - is any physical injury to a child which is not accidental. This involves severe beating, shaking, burns, human bites, strangulation. Emotional Abuse - is when a child is not nurtured and is not provided with love and security. This involves constant criticism, belittling and persistent teasing. Sexual Abuse - is when the child is involved in any sexual activity with an adult. This involves fondling, exhibitionism, sexual intercourse, incest, pornography. Neglect - is depriving a child of their essential needs. These include nutrition, clothing, warmth and shelter, emotional security and protection, medical and dental care, hygiene, education and supervision. According to Campbell in 1999, a clinical doctor, every case of child abuse leads to permanent damage and great long-term suffering. It may also lead to psychological trauma. Caplan in 1994 defined psychological trauma as the unique individual experience of an event or enduring conditions, in which: 1.

What Schools Should Know About Bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What Schools Should Know About Bullying - Essay Example Probably the worst feeling in the world is being treated like you are less than who you truly are and being placed under someone’s forceful thumb. What then could possibly fix the way you feel? Would retribution be the answer? If so, what is the price of casting someone aside to live a life behind the rest? If things could be solved with money, then placing the value would be simple. But the fact is that branding someone and forsaking him into a time of misery amounts to more than just finances. It amounts to the hopes and dreams of a young boy aspiring to become better and hopefully like the rest. It amounts to the life of a man seeking fulfillment at every which turn he takes desperately wanting to prove that he is not the weakling that he was perceived to be. It amounts to everything that a bullied soul desolately seeks to cry out but could not because he is under the mercy of a heartless tyrant. It amounts to more than just power play. In current times, it amounts to bully ing. Plain and simple. Bullying has been taken to mean as an overt act of a person asserting his authority over another person usually someone perceived as a weaker specie (Snell). Oftentimes, this has been associated with the popular kids in school trying to outsmart and outplay the rest as a means to stake their hold on the majority. But the fact remains that this conduct may not actually be limited to kids bullying their classmates. In fact, there are certain instances when the school itself is guilty of such crime.